Commas mark structure: introductory elements, non-restrictive clauses, contrasts and interruptions. Misplaced commas can change meaning or create comma splices.
Dashes are more dramatic. A single dash can create irony or a twist: “He was a generous man – to himself.” A pair of dashes emphasises inserted information more strongly than commas would.
In formal essays, use dashes sparingly; commas or brackets are usually more neutral. In creative or persuasive writing, a well-timed dash can be the most memorable mark on the page.
Worked example
Where does the dash create irony? “He was a generous man to himself.”
- The twist is that his generosity is only to himself.
- Place the dash before the twist.
Answer:He was a generous man – to himself.
Key words
- irony
- a gap between what is said and what is meant
- emphasis
- special importance
- neutral
- not drawing attention
Practise this
New questions every time.
Common Core-referenced: L.11-12.2